19th+Century+History

toc  =Overview= The 19th century was a brilliant century. It ranged from the Guano War, to the first steam ship. New countries were formed and civilizations crumpled. There were leaders and heroes like Abraham Lincoln, and antagonists like John Booth.(his assassin) The technology grew and new inventions were created, like the telescope. There were disasters like The Yellow River Flood and creations like the very first automobile. There were writers, like Mark Twain and Edgar Allen Poe. In that time period 25 presidents were elected. The U.S. Civil war occured, which almost destroyed the United Stated all together. All of these things are very signifigant. They are part of the past, but it all helped us form a better future.

Geopolitical Map
There are three important things about the maps of any time period. First, what countries and areas were shown, as well as what countries existed. Second, how they were made; and third, some h istorical information, such as prominent mapmakers. In the early 1800s, British cartographers produced the best maps. John Thomson was one of the leading British mapmakers. An American cartographer, Mathew Carey, was one of the leading American mapmakers. His Atlas demonstrated some of the best American work of the period.

During the 19th century, cartographers had different tools than we do today. Many or all of the maps of the time were made using pen-and-ink, and watercolor paint, if they were colored. In addition, all maps were hand-drawn. However, accurate and detailed maps became available by the end of the century.

Some of the 1800s' powerful countries included Japan, China, France, United Kingdom, Romania, Italy and the United States. The largest empire in history and major global power was the British Empire. From 1815-1914 Britain controlled all of Australia and India, and parts of Africa, Asia and North America. That's nearly 10 million square miles of territory- nearly a third of all the world's land. They had no serious rival other than Russia. They were unchallenged at sea and known as the global policemen. Britain had the most dominant position in world trade and controlled the economies of many countries. Britain's only major rival, Russia, was the second largest empire of the time. From 1721, all the way through the 19th century, and up until the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia stretched from Eastern Europe across parts Asia and into parts of North America. However, just a year into the century, Britain and Ireland merged to form the United Kingdom, which was ruled by Queen Victoria, who was born in 1819 and died in 1901. Her rein was known as the Victorian Age. The French Empire which was ruled by Napoleon, occupied Spain, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, much of northern Europe and a part of modern Russia. However many of the major empires of the day began to dissolve into smaller countries. Colonies began to gain indpendence and parts of countries broke away. In fact, before the 1830s even started, Haiti, Peru, Uruguay, and nearly all Latin American colonies had gained their independence. In the 1830s and 1840s, countries including Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and New Zealand were all founded. All these events influenced maps of the time, maps of the future, and other future events. 



Leaders
During the 1800’s there were alot of leaders. One leader was Napoleon. He conquered Italy and is also remembered for the Napoleonic Code. Another leader was John Adams. He was the first vice President of the United States. He was also the sixth President. One last leader was Abraham Lincoln. He was the 16th president, and tried to abolish slavery. On April 14, 1865 he was shot and killed in Fords Theater. Those are three leaders of the 1800’s. George the third: George the third was born on June 4 and died the 29 of January. King George had a fantastic life, he was the king of Great Britain and the king of Ireland for 41 years then ended in 1801. There after, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland formed by the union of these 2 countries until his death. He was concurrently the Duke of Brunswick-Lunenburg and thus prince-elector of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire forms October 12 1814. He was the third British monarch of the house in Hanover. But unlike two predecessors he was born in Britain and spoke English as his first language.

In 1788, Charles III died and Charles IV succeeded to the throne. Even though he had a profound belief in the sanctity of his office and kept up the appearance of an absolute, powerful monarch, he never took more than a passive part in the direction of his own government, occupying himself with hunting. In late February 1802 Charles Emanuel's wife Marie-Clothid became ill with typhoid fever. She died in the odour of sanctity, March 7, 1802. [Pope Pius VII, April 10, 1808 named her “Venerable”. On January 7, 1982, Pope John Paul II recognized that she had lived the Christian virtues in a heroic manner

During the period of 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the history of Europe. He was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as first consul of the French republic and Emperor of the First French empire. He was born in Corsica and trained as an artillery officer in mainland France. He rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns against the first and second coalitions arrayed against France. In 1799 Napoleon staged a coup d Tate and installed himself as First Consul; five years later he crowned himself Emperor of the French.http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/john-adams/

Wars
There were many wars that occurred in the 1800's. Here are eight major ones that took place in that time period. In 1898, there was a war called the Spanish American War, starting with Cuba wanting to become independent from Spain. The US decided to help Cuba achieve their goal because the US disagreed about how Spain was treating Cuba. The US then declared war on Spain and put up a good fight, leading us, https://www.wikispaces.com/_/2008101600/i/c.gifand Cuba, to victory. Cuba became free after that. Another major war in the 1800s was the Mexican American war. This major war took place during 1846-1848, and is known as the Mexican American War. This was a fight between Mexico and the US because Mexico wanted to secede, though the US wanted to keep their land and they were willing to fight for it. They did, ending up with an amazing victory. This is how the Americans got the land from California to Texas. Another major war was the War of 1812. It was a war between the US, along with some other American colonies and Great Britain. This war lasted for three years (1812-1815) even though there was a treaty signed in 1814, the news did not get around fast enough since the treaty was signed almost on the other side of the world. By the end of the war, there were many dead and many wounded. There were also five other major wars fought in the 19th century. They were fought all over the world as well. They were the Opium War, the Austro-Prussian War, the Franco German War, the U.S. Civil War, and the Quano War. Out of all of these, the U.S. Civil War is said to be the most important war, since it almost destroyed the U.S. All of these wars helped develop new technology, which helped society a lot. They had to develop new guns, new weapons, and new ways to preserve food. They also had to find new ways of making shelters, new techniques, and much more. An example was the Quano War, a war fought over bat poop, where people started researching new ways to make gunpowder out of the bat poop. Also, the Opium War in China led to people looking at new ways and methods to trade. That can be very important because the human race needs many things, such as food water, homeostasis, and more. Even if wars are terrible, they sometimes can have good results. And with these wars, they might have gotten our world a step closer to a better tomorrow.

Technology
In the 19th century, several discoveries and inventions were brought into the limelight. Many very important ideas have helped shape modern society during this period. Ideas like new ways of communicating, travel, and new, more efficient sources of light. Communication was improved with the inventions of the telephone and the printing press. The printing press was invented in 1833 by Johannes Gutenberg, a German inventor. His invention also helped mass produce signs that were very important in advertising.The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. This helped modernize communication and helped streamline long distance issues. A fantastic new device was introduced in 1879 by Thomas Alva Edison.The light bulb was not entirely his invention, but only an invention of Humphrey Davis that was fine-tuned. He still recieves credit for this new device that everyone uses daily. To help and effectively increase travel speed, and reduce costs in the long run, the first gasoline run automobile was created in 1896 by Henery Ford. This new technology not only revolutionized travel, but it also helped assemly-line production. In 1837, a steam ship crossed the Atlantic Ocean. Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the inventor, crossed the sea and told the people that his ship, the Great Western, had made it. In the meantime, William Hedley was making a locomotive for a coal mining business. The only issue was that during this period in time, all pieces were produced separately, so they had to custom fit every piece for the locomotive. This is another example for the need Mass Production. Some other Extremely important inventions from the 1800's are Electro Magnetism and sulfur friction matches. Electro Magnetism was discovered in 1819 by Hans C. Oersted. As a tribute to him, a measurement of magnetic pull is called an Oersted. Sulfur Friction Matches were invented by a man named John Walker in 1827. The matches he produced were yard long sticks of wood with a red tip of sulfur. When the red tip was rubbed against a strip of special paper, the stick would ignite, like the ones we use today. Who is to say, without the 19th century's inventions, where would society be?

Artisans
1800-1899__//** In the 19th century there were many artisans. There were many musicians in this time period, three are Ludwig Van Beethoven, Fredric Chopin and Claude Debussy. The first musician that came into play was Ludwig Van Beethoven. He was born in Bonn, Germany. He studied music in Vienna. Later in his life he became famous. He became mostly famous for creating an original style of music. Beethoven later died of lead poisoning in 1827. The next musician that started composing was Fredric Chopin. He was born in 1810 in Warsaw, Poland before World War II. He started playing the piano at a very early age. When he was only seven years old he had already played his first public concert. He is now known as the greatest master of piano music. He has written over 200 piano pieces. Chopin died in 1849 at age 39. In 1862 Claude Debussy was born. He was a French composer that was deeply interested in the relationships between music and art. He was educated in Paris, France. In his life time he was able to introduced a new music vocabulary to the world. Debussy later died in 1918. These three musicians influenced the world of music and the way we look at it now. If we didn’t have some of these composers we wouldn’t have Beethoven’s style of music, Chopin’s piano pieces, and Debussy’s music vocabulary. This could have had a major affected the music we have today. The art style of the 1800s was called Realism. This art style involved paintings that depicted real life situations or nature. In the mid 1800's artists became disillusioned with romanticism and the Neoclassicism of Jacques Louis David. Artists wanted only to paint nature only as it truly was, they wanted to paint truth and contemporary modern life in their paintings. One famous artist, from this period, was Dominique Ingres. He was born on August 24, 1780 in France. Dominique Ingres mostly painted portraits of common people. One of his famous painting was The Envoys of Agamemnon in 1801. This painting was used to teach students the basic principles of painting such as shade, confirmation, and symmetrical balance. Another famous painter is Francisco Goya. He was born in March of 1746. He was Spanish and many of his paintings were political in nature. His paintings were about the struggles of every day life. One last Artist from the 1800's is Gustave Dore, who was born in France. Gustave Dore was a multi talented artist. He was not just a painter, but also a engraver and sculpter. Gustave Dore provided many literary masterpieces with dramatic and inventive illustrations. He died...
 * //__Artisans of the 19th Century
 * Musicians of the 19th century**
 * Artists Of The 19th century**

Three writers that were very important in the 19th century are Edgar Allan Poe, Charles Dickenson, and Mark Twain. Edgar Allen Poe was born in Boston in 1809. Mr. Poe was considered to be the father of detective stories and the stepfather of science fiction. He wrote many different types of books, but was a master of macabre stories. Some of his famous books are The Fall of the House, and Murders in the Rue Morgue. Edgar Allen Poe became an American poet, writer and editor before he died in 1849, at age 40. Three years after Edgar Allen Poe was born, Charles Dickenson was born in Landport, which is near Portsmith**.** He was a great writer and wrote multiple stories in his life time. In 1837, he wrote Oliver Twist and then wrote Nicholas Nickelby in 1839. Charles also wrote The Old Curious Shop in 1841, and two years later he wrote the famous Christmas Carol. Three more books that Charles Dickenson wrote before he died are David Copperfield (1850), A tale of Two Cities (1859), and Great Expectations (1861). Charles Dickenson finally died in Godshill, Kent in 1870. When Charles Dickenson was 22 year old, the most popular American writer was born. Mark Twain was born in 1835 in Florida, MO. He became an American writer and journalist along with giving many lectures. The two stories, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) were based on his past experience as a river boat pilot. The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is considered to be The Great American Novel. In conclusion, that is why Edgar Allen Poe, Charles Dickenson, and Mark Twain were very important writers of their time.
 * Writers of the 19th century**

Life Style
The life styles in the 19th century were greatly affected by the new technology and the amount of money in a household. Communication greatly improved, along with work efficiency, and transportation. Because of the money there were also some negative effects in the 19th century like back-to-back houses. Without some of the thing invented in the 19th century we would not be about to function as we have done before.

The telephone was invented on March 10th, 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell. This made the communications of everyday life a lot easier. Sending speech electronically helped because there were less physical things to deal with like wires going between two communication devices and more of it was sent electronically. Also the distance of quick communication was improved by far. Instead of having to send a letter, which would have taken days to weeks to months, or having to talk face to face you could talk far away with quick responses. The last thing that makes this invention so good for the life style is that it was quicker and easier communication. Instead of writing a whole letter and waiting for a response or even sending a long Morse code message you could just speak into a receiver and have a response in seconds. That is why the invention of the telephone had such a big impact on the Life Styles in the 19th century. Though the telephone would be hard to use without a greater source of light then a candle, the light bulb was invented

In 1879 Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. This was a spectacular invention because it shed a new type of light on things. Before the light bulb people would have to work by candlelight. Candles were messy; they had to be blown out whenever going anywhere, and needed to be replaced frequently. A light bulb left no mess, could be left on when you went out, and they would have hade to be replaced less frequently. Also Light bulbs were brighter then any candle making the work situation more pleasurable and easy to see. That’s why the light bulb was such an important invention in everyday life. The next invention that affected the work efficiency in the 19th century along with the light bulb was the sewing machine.

In 1834 Walter hunt made the first functional sewing machine. This is important to the life styles because it sped up the process of sewing and unemployed some people. From going from hand sewing to machine sewing the quality and speed of the sewing sped up. That was great because it didn’t take nearly as much time to sew things, as it would have with only a needle and your hands. It unemployed people because the machine could do the job of a worker that would sow leaving the person unemployed. That is why the Sewing Machine had a big effect on the life style of the 19th century.

An invention that helped with transportation was the steam engine. Before steam engines people rode horses. Riding horses took longer and was more expensive for people. With all the equipment, horses, and horse food it adds up quickly. Also With the stream engine people could travel from America to Europe in only seven days instead of the month it would have taken with a horse. The steam engine was a very big help in the 19th century. The final thing that made the 19th century special was the back-to-back houses. In the 19th century people couldn't afford very nice things so they had to live in back-to-back houses. Back-to-back means that the backs of houses were literally attached to each other. Though some poor people couldn’t even afford these houses. Instead they had to sleep on hay piles. Skilled workers lived in through houses. This type of house had two rooms upstairs and downstairs. Families usually kept their best furniture in the front downstairs room. In the city, workers started drilling sewer pipes and water pipes. This made their health a lot better than it used to be. These inventions in transportation, communication, work ethnic, and everyday greatly influenced the life of the people of the 19th century along with the people from the 20th century and now the 21st.

Significant Events
There were many events of the 1800s that were significant, the four events that this article is going to share are, The Yellow River Flood, the Irish Potato Famine, Cholera Outbreak, and finally The Louisiana Purchase. All of these events impacted some part of the world in a significant way and if these particular events didn't happen the way they did, our world would not be the way it is today.

The Yellow River Flood which was located in China flooded more than ever before in 1887. This river is known to flood on a regular basis because there is a lot of flat land around it. Although it is known to flood, when it flooded in 1887 it did major damage. This huge flood killed between 900,000-2,000,000 people. Since it killed all of those people, it is known to be one of the deadliest natural disasters that has ever occurred anywhere in the world.

The Irish Potato Famine affected millions of Irish, American, and some British people. The event took place from1845-1851 in Ireland and killed over one million people which forced over one million Irish people to move to America. The cause of the famine is a fungus from ships coming from America, and the fungus arrived right around when the potato crop was growing and destroyed the potato leaves. These potato leaves were very important to the irish because that was a very valuable vegetable at the time.

The third significant event that this article is going to mention is the outbreak of the disease Cholera. The epidemic had reached New York, in July of 1832. When people heard about the outbreak in the city many fled to the country. The people who were poorer than others and lived in not so good conditions were more likely to get the disease. This is because the bacterium Vibrio Cholerae might of been in the water they drink which infects peoples small intestines and can make them very sick. The Cholera epidemic killed 3,515 people out of a population of 250,000.

The final significant event which changed our world completely was the Louisiana Purchase, which is said to be the greatest real estate deal in American history. The President at the time was Thomas Jefferson. He suggested the idea of buying the land from Napoleon, the leader of France at the time. The negotiators were James Madison and Robert Livingston. They travelled to France in 1803. Madison and Livingston negotiated that Napoleon would give them over 500K acres of land for $15 million dollars.The reason Napoleon sold the United Sates the land was because France was at war and Napolean needed the money. The states included, that are now a part of the United States are: Montana, North Dakota (a piece of), Wyoming, Colorado, Louisiana, Minnesota, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, South Dakota, Arizona, Missouri, Nebraska, Arkansas and Iowa.

All of these events effected the world and science in some way. The Yellow River Flood changed the country of China by destroying the land and killing many people who lived there. The Irish Potato Famine killed the crop of potato which was a major vegetable at that time. Just like the Yellow River Flood, the Cholera Outbreak in New York killed several thousand people. Finally the Louisiana Purchase change the world in a good way, this event had Americans discover animals, plants, and signed treaties with Native Americans, and the explorers find different ways to get to the west. All in all, these four significant events changed the way of life in some particular way.

Louisiana PurchaseIrish Potato FamineChinese Yellow River FloodCholera Epidemic in New York

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