18th+Century+History

toc  =Overview= There were many different and interesting leaders in the 1700's. These people include Thomas Jefferson, Kang Hsi, LouisXVI, George Washington, Nathanial Bliss, and Count Camillo Cavour. The 18th century was filled with wars and here are just two examples. Wars played a very big role in this time period. The two wars were: The Revolutionary War and the Spanish Succession. Technology in the 1700's was very big because of the Industrial Revolution. Three examples of this are Benjamin Franklin discovering electricity, Mary Butterworth copying money and lastly the invention of the diving bell. The 1700 lifestyles were terrible people would shun their children, there were so many diseases and no one had health care. People were cleaner only because they changed their clothes for different activities. The events in this period changed the way people looked at the world. There were many discovery's that helped travel and navigation was taking new steps. We now had electricity and therefore could start to use it.

Leaders
In the Eighteenth Century there were many leaders. The six leaders that we thought stood out in that time period were K’ang Hsi, Thomas Jefferson, Louis XVI., Count Camillo Cavour, George Washington, and Nathaniel Bliss.

K’ang Hsi was an emperor of the China dynasty. He is known to be one of the most important monarchs in China’s history. He had three main jobs which is why he was very important. His three jobs were; a military commander, statesman, and a scholar. He was sixteen when he ruled by himself. He organized many things in Chinas history. [|http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/images/kangxi.gif] Thomas Jefferson was the 3rd President of the United States. He was nicknamed “Man of the People” He was previously John Adams’ Vice President. He was born on April 13, 1743 in Goochland, Virginia. He was the 1st President to be elected by the House of Representatives. He was the 1st President to be inaugurated in Washington D.C. He was the 1st President to have been a governor before. He invented the lazy Susan and the 1st swivel chair. He founded the University of Virginia. His grandson was the 1st child born in the White House. He died of chronic diarrhea on July 4, 1826 the same day as John Adams. http://www.moremuslimthanobama.com/moremuslimthanobama/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/thomas-jefferson.jpg

Louis XVI was also a very significant person in the eighteenth century. He was born on August 23, 1754 and died on January 21, 1793. He was King of France from 1774 to 1791. After that he served as King of the French from 1791 to 1792. He was then suspended and arrested while the 10th of August 1792 Insurrection was going on. He was found guilty of treason, and he was killed on January 21, 1793. http://www.nndb.com/people/230/000092951/louis-xvi-1.jpg

The next important leader was Count Camillo Cavour. He was an Italian Statesman who founded a newspaper in 1848. He was also a prime minister in Sardinia. He then expelled Austrians from northern Italy to create a national state in 1861. That was how Cavour was remembered in history. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0253/img0084.jpg George Washington was the first President of the United States. He was nicknamed “Father of his country”. He was born in Wakefield, Virginia on February 22. 1732. He was the only President to unanimously be elected. He was the only President who never lived in Washington, D.C. He was the only President to die in the 1700’s. He died of laryngitis December 14, 1799. He was the only President to be inaugurated in two cities, New York and Philadelphia. He was the first President from the state of Virginia. The rank of “Lieutenant general” was a rank created just for him. http://coolaggregator.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/george-washington-picture.jpg Nathaniel Bliss was born on November 28, 1700. He died on September 2, 1764. He was an English astronomer and he also served as Astronomer Royal between the years of 1762 and 1764. That is a little about Nathaniel Bliss. All together these five people, K’ang Hsi, Thomas Jefferson, Louis XVI., Count Camillo Cavour, George Washington, and Nathaniel Bliss were very significant and well known in the eighteenth century. http://www.todayinsci.com/B/Bliss_Nathaniel/BlissNathanielThm.jpg

Wars in the seventeen hundreds were a very important part in what was going on in that period of time. The wars that I thought were very important were The Revolutionary War and The War of The Spanish Succession. The Revolutionary War was fought between the British Kingdom and the new colonies in what is now called America. It was when America overthrew the British and gained their own freedom to create a new more fair union. It started in 1775 and ended in 1783. In 1777 France took the side of the Americans and helped them a lot. Though most Americans wanted the British to lose, these people were called patriots, some thought that the British were right in thinking that they could tax and set laws for the Americans. These people were called loyalists. The war ended when the British surrendered Yorktown.http://www.sar.org/ohssar/AmericanRevolutionaryWar.jpg The Spanish Succession was from 1701 to 1714 and was when King Louis was trying to expand his French territory into Spanish land. The war ended with the treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt. [|Spanish Successio][|"][|Spanish Succession 2] [|Revolutionary War]

Technology
There were many different inventions in the 18th century that helped us in the long run. I am going to explain some of the different inventions that were produced in this massive time period. First in 1716 Mary Butterworth was the first person to counterfeit money using cotton cloth instead of the traditional metal plates. She allegedly lifted the ink from the actual bill with the cloth, and then went on to draw the bills by hand. She would burn the cloth which would leave no evidence of her crime. She later sold the bills at half the price and became very rich because of this. Authorities first noticed this because they had a sudden drop in the economy in their town. The other thing that gave her away is that people were walking around with loads of money, even though they were quite poor. No one wanted to bring her on trial because she was basically giving them money at half the price. Finally though someone had the "guts" to show her that the people did care. She was brought on trial by her brother, his wife, and Nicholas camp. A man who some bills had been passed to during this scandal. The court dismissed this case because they lacked hard evidence. She died in 1775 at the age of 88.
 * __Technology in the 1700's__**

A more famous experiment conducted by none other than Benjamin Franklin. He supposedly attached a key to a kite string during a thunder storm. When he was struck he miraculously survived. He then touched the key and got a little zap. This proved to all the people who did not believe him that it was in fact possible to be able to conduct and harness electricity. A few people daring enough tried this experiment but all of them were killed during the strike. This left to question if Benjamin Franklin truly did conduct this experiment on that stormy night.

The last invention of the 18th century that I am going to discuss is the making of the diving bell which was created by Edmund Halley. He completed this design by giving it the proper shape. Unlike a submarine a diving bell is open at the bottom. The water does not come in because the pressure from the water fills it up with air and makes nearly impossible to come in. Designs for this date back as early as Aristotle but no one ever completed them. The diving bell was fitted with a window for under sea exploration. Sometimes though the glass could not hold and many people died because they did not know you could die from going a certain depth. These were some inventions in the 18th century. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary-Butterworth http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/index.htm

Life Style
Life Styles of the 1700s

Learning about the way people lived in the 1700s is amazing. Looking back at the life styles of the 1700s, you can see that there were things that needed to be improved. There is a lot that you might not know about, including the way children were treated.

If you were a child in the 1700’s, there was a slim chance that you would make it to adulthood. There were many deadly diseases, with no current cure for them. Doctors even said that you should not to get too attached to your child, because there was a big chance that your child would not live. Some children were just abandoned by their parents. Most kids were shunned because the parents didn't want to get too attached to them. Thankfully, some people started to value education. They started appreciating math and science, because they knew it might help find cures for diseases and would allow their children live longer. That’s what health care for children was like in the early 1700's. Surprisingly, there were other things that were affected by the lack of health care ideas.

In North America, in Colonial Williamsburg, the clothes people wore, varied depending on the activity or formality of the occasion. Here, the word “dress”, meant formal clothing, and “undress”, meant informal clothing. The clothing people wore in the 1700s was very different, depending on where you were. Women owned about 2-4 outfits. The clothing would be made of wool or linen, and would be hand sewn. No one new about germs yet, so they rarely washed their clothes! Women wore a shift, which was a slip and nightgown, and they didn’t wear anything under it! Underwear had not been invented yet. Men wore shirts, which they wore during the day and night, without washing it for a few weeks! (They weren’t very hygienic, because they didn’t know about germs yet!) Making and wearing clothing was a big part of how the people lived, however, there were other areas were they worked too.

People started building canals to make transportation easier. Steam ships were starting to become a popular mode of transportation. In the 1700s, another kind of transportation they used was public coach services. Public coach services were carriages that brought people to different places, and were open to the public. With transportation new ideas, information and goods moved to other people and places. To have any transportation at all, you needed to have roads. Making new roads required having people to make them, which was a job that some people had. On these roads, information moved and people traveled to work in the new developing industries.

One industry in the 1700s was smelting iron with coke, (purified coal). One English ironworker, Abraham Darby I, lived from 1678-1717, and found a way to make cast iron, using lots of the purified coal. This new creation aided growth in the manufacturing industry. Later, in 1689 the idea of a water powered spinning wheel was brought up, and it would help to make more power, and with more power, there would be more items produced. A boost in production would help out the economy! Learning about the way people lived is very important because it shows you the evolution of the improvements they would want, or need to make.

In the 1700s there were many significant inventions and discoveries that made the world a smaller. At the start of the 18th century people still traveled by sailing ships and using straight line navigation. There was no electricity, which ment there were no battes or generators. People still used oil lamps and candles for a light source. Large parts of the world were still unexplored especially the area of the Pacific Ocean. The only way people could communicate was by letter but letters took a long time. But all this changed by 1799s. In 1700, people started exploring the pacific, it was very dangerous because explores had know idea where they were going. So then in 1761, John Campbell invents the sextant. This is an instrument that tells the latitude direction of where you are sailing. Then later in 1761, an Englishmen, John Harrison invents the navigational clock or marine chronometer. This measures longitude. This helps explorers pin point where they are on the map. Transportation started improving when the atmospheric steam engine which was invented. It was invented by Thomas Newcomen. This steam engine lead the invention of other steam vehicles such as steam powered trains and boats. This greatly improved transportation. The steam ship was invented by Jacques Perrier in 1775. This improved importing and exporting goods. In 1700 there was no electricity and that ment there were no batteries or generators to power appliances up. In 1752, Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning rod. The rod was made out of comprised of iron that would be mounted on the top of a house. It would attract the lightning current and immediately channel it to the ground. Also another way electricity was improved was when Alessandro Volta invented the battery. When the battery was made, people could have electronic lights i nstead of lamps and candles. Most people think that scientific advancement where made in the present day but really that’s not all true. Most advancement was done in the earlier days. We just improved on many inventions. Also, in the seventeen hundreds, we made three very interesting inventions that are noted in this paragraph. The first is the double-acting water pump which produces a constant stream of water. It was invented by J.N de la Hire in the year of 1716. The second is a modification made by Denis Papin of the High pressure stream pump in 1707. Thomas Savery was the original maker of this invention. The Third is the flying shuttle loom. This loom was used to make clothing faster; John Kay invented this, and was from England. This was invented on 1733. Another event is the Bengal famine in 1770. It occurred in Bengal India next to Bangladesh. It caused 15 million deaths making the population drop to only 30 million. The famine happened by the shortage in crops that was growing that summer and diseases like Small Pox. Later in 1770 they had a great rainfall that helped the crops grow, which slowly decreased the famine. The last event was the Bill of Rights! This document was outlined about American citizens having freedom and equal rights. The government however thought it wasn’t necessary for them, so the state constitutions would decide to have the Bill of Rights followed. Later on the Bill of Rights was added as the first ten amendments of the U.S. constitution for freedom and equal rights. Those are some scientific event in the 1700’s

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=Resources-= [|George Washington] [|Thomas Jefferson] [|Louis XVI] [|K'ang Hsi] [|Nathaniel Bliss]

Raumgarten, Linda. "Looking at 18th Century Clothing". Oct.13, 2008. [|www.history.org/history/clothing/intro/clothing.cfm]

Lynch, Jack. " Eighteenth-Century Chronology". Oct. 13, 2008. [|http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Chron/] Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Standard 2003. " Colonial America, Life in". October 13, 2008. (No URL since it's a software)

Platt, Richard. __"__ __In The Beginning...The Nearly Complete History of Almost Everything"__. New York. 1995

It has none. " Productive Individual (Children in the 18th Century)". Oct. 13, 2008. [|www.geocities.com/ehslax28/ProductiveIndividual.htm]

Grun, Bernard. __"__ __The Timetables of History"__. New York. 1991

-Title: Overview: Exploration and Discovery 1700-1799 Author/Organization, Thomson Gale, a part of the Thomson Corporation, Book Rags taken from Overview: Exploration and Discovery 1700-1799 from Science and Its Times, Oct. 13 2008, http://www.bookrags.com/research/overview-exploration-and-discovery--scit-041/ Title: The history behind the Thermometer Author: Mary Bellis,, The History Behind the Thermometer, Oct. 13, 2008 http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blthermometer.htm Title: 18th Century Inventions Author: Mary Bellis, Eighteenth Century Inventions 1700-1799, Oct. 13, 2008 http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl1700s.htm Title: Welcome to Mr. Nussbaum.com Author: Greg Nussbaumm, The New York Times Company, The Discovery of electricity, Oct. 13,2008• http://www.mrnussbaum.com/history/franklin.htm • Title: Bengal Famine of 1770, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Oct. 13, 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770 • Title: Welcome to Mr. Nussbaum.com Author Greg Nussbaum, The New York Times Company, The discovery of Electricity, Oct. 13, 2008, http://www.mrnussbaum.com/history/bor.htm  Posted Oct 15, 2008 7:29 pm