20th+Century+History

toc =Overview=

The 20th century was a century of change, growth and the development of countries, life styles and technology. Wars and leaders changed the maps that we know through death and destruction. These events brought the need of new technology to support or help the armies of the world. Some of the many important inventions that were developed in the 1900’s were penicillin, cars, atomic bombs and the lunar lander. The first planes were also made during this century with the famous Wright Brothers taking flight at the turn of the century. During the 20th century, we also were able to put shuttles into orbit and even put a man on the moon. Not only was technology being discovered in an accelerated speed, fashion and style were also taking a drastic change during the 20th century. In fact, every decade’s fashion was different from the others. The 20th century was brought rise to many famous playwrights, scientists, painters, and actors/actresses. As you can see, the 20th century was a very important 100 years of our time, in which many different things were created or even destroyed.

Geopolitical Map
In the 20th century, many things affected how [|geopolitical maps], the maps that you see everyday that show the countries and the landforms such as mountains, look. These are some of the things that significantly impacted these maps. Wars affected the way that geopolitical maps look in many ways. Geopolitical maps of Europe changed a lot during the 1900’s. One reason was World War 1(WW1), which lasted from 1914 to 1918. It affected the maps in Europe a lot. After the war, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia became independent. About thirty years later, World War II (WW2) broke out in Europe, North Africa , and eventually the Pacific. After the war, East and West Germany were separated into smaller countries. Some of them became part of the Soviet Union. Europe had many changes again during the [|Cold War]. Europe was not the only area though. There were many other places in the world that had many changes. There were many other things besides wars that affected the maps looks, and countries borders.

North America
North America was also affected in the 1900’s when Alaska and Hawaii were added as the 49th and 50th states to the United States of America. Alaska was purchased from Russia, at $0.02 an acre. The reason for the purchase was that after gold had been discovered there in the late 1800’s. It was added as the 49th state to the United States in 1959. In 1959 Hawaii passed The Admission Act. This act did away with Hawaii being a territory and it then became the 50th state of the United States , also in 1959. These are some of the things that made geopolitical maps look different in North America during the 20th century. Along with North America and Europe, there were many countries that were gaining strength.

The Soviet Union
One country that was gaining strength was the Soviet Union. The government there was communism. [|Communism] was really important there because it was key to most of their discoveries and improvements in science. Literature was also very important in the Soviet Union. This includes plays, poetry, and books. The literature there improved their society and allowed them to become a world power. The Soviet Union was a vast country with just one main ruler, Josef Stalin. He was the dictator of the Soviet Union from April 3, 1922 to March 5, 1953. The culture of the Soviet Union is based on communism, and Stalin. Stalin was not one of the nicest of rulers in the 20th century; in fact he was a quite cruel leader. He sent many citizens into exile and even put some of them to death. Even though the Soviet Union became an industrial powerhouse during the rule of Stalin, most of the country (and mostly everyone in the world) thought that he was cruel and a bad leader. Immediately after Stalin left office, his successor took the Soviet Union  into a “de-Stalinization” period.

France
Another country was France. France was really diverse during the 20th century. There was lots of freedom of thought, as there is in the United States   today, but there were also a lot of universities and schools. These two don’t usually go together because there is free thought, and schooling teaches you how to think. Education was very important to the French, and that is why they had so many learning facilities. The learning there allowed them to have great music and art. Many people there owned pets, and almost the entire population was religious.

Charles Gaulle, who was the leader of the  French  Republic from August 30, 1944 to January 23, 1946. He also served as a very successful general of the Free French Forces in World War II. He served a very short term mostly because of the fact that he received a great deal of oppression from the Communists and Socialists.

Turkey
The last country was Turkey. There, the people really enjoyed music and the arts. They also enjoyed literature. Just about the entire population was religious. Although they had many recorded stories, most of the stories were passed down through oral tradition, which is where stories are passed down by word of mouth. They believed strongly in immigration and scientific developments. Although there was culture that impacted the geopolitical maps, it was not the only thing. The rulers and leaders of the nations had an impact too.

After World War I, and the defeat of the  Ottoman Empire by the Allies, Mustafa Ataturk became a central figure in Turkish government. He was also the main leader of the Turkish forces in the Turkish War of Independence in which Turkey defeated the Central Powers. Mustafa Ataturk became the president of the republic from October 29, 1923, to November 10, 1938.

All of these events contributed somehow or another to the many changes made on Geopolitical Maps. These were some of the events in the history of the world that impacted the looks of geopolitical maps in the 20th century.

Leaders
Throughout the 20th century there have been many incredible leaders, from political to religious. Some important things that they do are help in wars and in the government. They also help keep things in order, organize attacks on countries, and make sure that their country is secure. A leader by the name of [|Winston Churchill] was very important because of many different things. He was born in 1874, and 26 years later he joined Parliament as a Conservative. Four years later in 1904, he had decided to switch to liberal. In 1922, he lost his seat in the Parliament after trying to lead an attack on Turkey that failed. Two years later he was back as a conservative. On May 10th, 1940, he became the Prime Minister as a great-war leader. In 1945, he lost his position in the office. Another man by the name of [|Dwight Eisenhower] was a powerful leader. In 1942-1943, he was Commander of American Troops in Europe and North Africa. He led the allied invasion of Europe in 1943-1945. Then in 1953, he became the 34th president of the United States. When he came into power, the Korean War ended. On the unfortunate side, the Cold War became bigger. Eisenhower enforced federal troops to go to schools in Little Rock, Arkansas to support racial desegregation. [|Ataturk] was also an important leader. His real name was Mustapha Kernel and he was born in Salonika. He attended a military academy and was very powerful. He resigned from the army in 1919 though to help the Turkish independence movement. In 1923, Ataturk had made the state of Turkey and got control of abolition. When he was assigned president from 1923 to 1928, the Turkish Republic had gained the Turkish nationalism and secularism. A new constitution took place of the Islamic courts of law in 1928 when his presidency was ending. He had his name switched from Kernel Mustafa to Ataturk. He had separated the church and state within the Islamic nation. [|Josef Stalin] was the Russian dictator during World War II and the Cold War. He was born on December 18, 1879 to a cobbler. He dropped out of college, and became a revolutionary activist against the Russian monarchy, and because of his activities, he was often exiled to Siberia. In 1922, he became the Secretary General of the Soviet Union. By the late 1920s, he became the dictator of the Soviet Union. He was one of the most important people who contributed to the defeat of the Nazis and Fascism. He caused many important advances in nuclear and space technology. [|John F. Kennedy] was another leader who caused space technology to skyrocket by putting a lot of money and work into the space race. Born in Brookline Massachusetts on May 29, 1917, he eventually graduated from Harvard and then joined the navy. He is well known for rescuing the survivors of a ship crash during the Second World War. He became a senator in 1953, and became president in 1960. He was the one who started the failed operation to overthrow [|Castro]. Because he challenged America to land men on the moon before the Russians, space technology advanced very rapidly. Another man, [|Adolf Hitler] was born in Austria-Hungary on April 20, 1889. He had a troubled childhood; his father often beat him and he dropped out of high school. A soldier in World War I, he admired Germany and believed that the Jews and other races were the cause of Germany’s loss in World War I. Eventually, he was appointed Chancellor of Germany and became a Nazi. He started both World War II and the Holocaust. He changed the world both in politics and in science, because many borders in European countries were changed, and many war technologies such as the atomic bomb would not have been created. Two more important people were [|Franklin Roosevelt] and [|Hirohito]. Franklin Roosevelt lived from 1882 to 1945. He was the 32nd president of the United States and came to office during the Great Depression. In total, he was in office for four terms and because of this, they now have the rule that a president can only hold office for two terms. Finally, Hirohito was the last leader. He was born in 1901 and was the Emperor of Japan. As emperor, he was the one who got Japan involved in World War Two and then eventually surrendered to America. He served until 1989, which is when he died.

Wars
In the 20th century there were many influential wars on society. Some of the most critical include World War I, World War II, the Cold War, the Vietnam War, and the Iran-Iraq War. Starting from the earliest date of 1914 was [|World War I]. WWI, also known as The War to End All Wars, was fought between two dominant alliances. There were the Entente Powers, which mostly included France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and the United States. The second alliance was called the Central Powers, which were mainly made up of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Although with these alliances, there were countries that remained neutral. WWI had many causes. One of these causes was the French wanting their land back, which was recently taken by Germany. This war mainly took place in Europe, and lasted until 1918. It took four years, but Germany was finally defeated. [|The Treaty of Versailles] was signed, among other treaties, and the war ended. On September 1st, 1939 the [|Second World War]had begun. WWII again had many causes. A well-known cause of this war was the [|German Nazi Party] trying to take over. Germany was the first to march into Poland and begin fire. A series of battles took place, including attacks on Denmark, Norway, and [|Pearl Harbor]. By 1945 Germany was finally defeated by Allied Forces, and the United States ended up on top. World War II is named the deadliest conflict in human history, with over 50 million deaths. The end of World War II lead the world straight into the Cold War. [|The Cold War], which lasted almost half of a century, began right after World War II, in 1945. It was mainly fought between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. These two leading groups began their rivalry through the military, and spent many years getting ready for the big attack. The Cold War ended when Ronald Reagan was appointed president. The United States then became the sole power of the world when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. Back tracking a few years, was the [|Vietnam War]. Starting in 1965, and ending in 1975, it became the longest military conflict in American History. It cost the U.S. billions of dollars, and millions of people were killed. A major conflict began to arise between The North Vietnamese and the South Vietnamese. The North Vietnamese were Communists and the South Vietnamese were Democratic. The North Vietnamese wanted to control South Vietnamese and combine itself and South Vietnam under one flag and one government; Communism. The final most influential war is the Iran-Iraq War. [|The Iran-Iraq War], which is also known as The Imposed War, took place when Iraq invaded Iran on September 22, 1980. The leader of the Iraq at the time was [|Saddam Hussein], and the leader of Iran was [|Ayatollah Khomeini]. The Iraq-Iran War finally ended when Iran accepted the UN Security Council Resolution 598, on August 20, 1988. This war was very critical because it very well may have influenced our current war today in Iraq. These are just some of the many wars in the 20th century. You now can see how an event like a war can influence society.

Technology
My group and I had to write about technology in the 20th century. In this period many technological advances were made, including the Atomic bomb, cars, the lunar lander, and penicillin. Firstly, penicillin was invented in 1928 by [|Alexander Fleming]. This revolutionary new antibacterial medication killed most of the many bacterial viruses commonly found during the world wars. However, even the founding of this amazing new drug isn't as remarkable as the Atomic bomb. This was first used during World War Two to completely destroy Nagasaki and Hiroshima. The Americans justified this action by claiming that they would never have participated in the war if the Japanese had not bombed Pearl Harbor. The last important invention from the early 1900 are cars. These vehicles were easily much more practical than the previous horse-drawn carriages. They did not have to be fed, their fuel was cheap, and they were relatively inexpensive to construct. These early cars would also provide a model for tanks, which would be made practical to construct later. Much later in the 20th century, America made history by being the first country to land a man on the moon in 1969. This not only showed the world how advanced American Technology was, but also showed that one day, maybe humans could go farther. Those were some of the most interesting points concerning technology in the 20th century.

More Elaborate Information [|The Atomic Bomb] [|Penecillin] [|Cars] [|Apollo Lunar Module]

Artisans
In the 20th century, many artisans influenced people and their thoughts. For those who don’t know, an artisan is “a person skilled in an applied art,” for example a writer, a musician or a movie producer. The artisans in this writing are Aaron Copland, Max Ernst, John Steinbeck, Pablo Picasso, and Charles Chaplin. [|Aaron Copland] seems at first to be an odd person to create a musical style that combined the myths of the American West and the styles of Latin American music into a populist music that spoke to a large group of American society, but at a closer look, it becomes obvious what he would do. He wrote music for films, ballet, and concert halls. Aaron also played the piano and taught some students who later became famous. He grew up in New York, and found his musical voice in the international atmosphere of Paris in the 1920s. In New York he was part of the musical elite. The music he made was very popular during his time and it later influenced our contemporary music. Another artisan goes by the name [|Max Ernst]. He was a German artist who inspired people of America about art. During World War II he was captured by the Nazis for his religion. Max escaped and fled to New York City. In N.Y.C. he influenced people, by telling them how great art was. His artwork captured people’s attention and made them interested in art. He was a major contributor to our society because of his influence on people, and their interest in art. [|John Steinbeck] was a famous writer who wrote about a vide variety of topics including the Great Depression, history, politics, and marine biology. Steinbeck mostly enjoyed writing his novels about life during the early 20th century. He wrote many famous novels including The Grapes of Wrath, and The Pearl. His book The Grapes of Wrath (1939) had an impact to be compared with Uncle Tom’s Cabin. His novels were well known by the people and were often discussed about. Steinbeck greatly affected how we look at the things around us, which is why he was one of the greatest artisans of the 1900s. [|Pablo Picasso] was one of the most amazing painters during this time. Picasso was a sculptor, painter, and draughtsman. He is well known for his painting Guernica, a painting depicting pain and suffering. In 1944 Picasso joined the French Communist Party. He attended an international peace conference in Poland and received the Stalin Peace Prize from the Soviet government. Picasso laid down the foundation for the basis of abstract art, and had many other achievements. This is why he is one of the greatest artisans of the 20th century. One of the greatest actors in the 20th century was [|Charles Chaplin]. He was, and is, very famous for his amazing skills of comedy and was one of the most famous comedians of silent films. Chaplin was an Academy Award winner for the best English comedic actor. He is most famous for his movies “The Kid,” “The Goldrush,” and “City Lights.” Still revered today, he is an important artisan of the 20th century. These were the most influential artisans of the 1900s and each of them and others made significant contributions in their own way. The artisans helped make our music, art, and novels of the 21st century from their ideas and creations. Artisans of the 20th century were major contributors to our society and helped shape our 21st century.

Life Style
The lifestyle of the 20th century is very different from what we have today. For instance, some examples of the differences are their cloths, food, houses, music, and even the jobs. It has changed a lot since then but in 1900’s if you were a man your life expectancy was 47 and if you were a woman than you were said to live till 50. In the early 1900’s America was not as developed as it is now so, things did not cost as much. Just like now in the 20th century there were many clothing and style trends that music had an influence on. Kids still enjoyed playing with the popular toys and games of their time. In the early 19th century many rights and laws were changed and houses were quiet different from the houses you see today. So, as you see the 20th century is much like today in many ways.

The 20th century [|clothing trends and styles] were different each decade. For daytime wear in 1900-1910, women wore long skirts, long sleeves, high necks, and high button shoes. In 1912 a dress with your hair pulled back in a knot and a curl of hair on your neck. In the 1920’s-1930’s woman wanted to show off more of their legs and they started to wear flappers, which is a type of dress. 1930’s more people started to dye their hair more ranges of color. By 1947 the look featured belted and cinched waistlines, a lifted bosom, no shoulder pads, and a mid-calf length. In 1950’s many were influenced by Elvis and started to wear black leather jackets. The 1960s trend of mini skirts, bell bottoms, and long hair, lasted through the decade. Polyester knitted fabrics broke the ground to expand the continuing look and the preferred textile was denim blue jeans. Skirts came in three lengths in the 1970s, mini, midi, and maxi. In the 1980’s the sequin evening dress was beautiful and elegant. In the 1990’s cloths were brown and baggy and skirts were worn at any length. That is what the 20th century clothing style was like and if you noticed the clothing now is very much influenced by some of the styles of the 20th century. In the 20th century many young boys and girls loved to play [|games] and with their favorite action figure or doll or even favorite board game with their family and friends.1900-1909 playing Ping-Pong was very popular and it was invented in Britain and was a cheap way to play lawn tennis. 1910-1919 there were some cool new toys such as the erector set, Lincoln logs, Tinker toys and the slinky which, was invented by a ship inspector. The Parker Brothers invented the game of monopoly in 1933 and since then there have been many other versions created and is still a very popular game to play. In 1950 to 1959 girls were expected to play with Barbie’s and Dale Evans toys. Boys played with Rod Rogers and Davey Crockett. Hasbro came out with G.I. Joe which was the boy’s first action figure and it was a very popular action figure. Slot cars were soon later invented and they replaced the toy trains for many young boys. In the 1970’s some cool things to have were lava lamps, mood rings, Rubik’s cube, sea monkeys, smiley face stickers, and pet rocks. Today’s action figures, dolls, board games, and even toys were all influenced by the 20th century. There was an array of hobbies in the 20th century that people still do today. Dancing was huge it became one of the most popular things during the whole 1900’s. Jazz was the [|music] to listen to and with it came dance marathons. When the U.S. was in debt in the 1930’s there were a number of inexpensive hobbies like stamp collecting which, was introduced by President Theodore Roosevelt. There were also some bad hobbies that people did too like horse racing, which became legal in 15 states. Many people had hobbies in the 20th century and still do have hobbies now. In the 20th century more [|food chains and food] were being invented. Some of the new food chains that were invented were McDonalds, Taco bell and Wendy’s. Some candy that was invented was Sweet Tarts, Skittles, Nerds, Runts, and Hubba Bubba Gum. The first wrapped chocolate bar was sold in 1910 and candy in the 20 century was normally sold by how much it weighed. Many of the food chains and types of candy are still being sold and still in business even today . In the early 1900’s woman did not have many [|rights] especially not political rights. The rights of woman had slowly been getting better because in 1918 woman were aloud to vote at the age of 30 and over, ten years later in 1928 woman and men were aloud to vote if you were 21 years of age. In the 1920’s there was a lot of unemployment and for most of the decade the unemployment rate was between 10-12% and within the next decade there was a [|depression]. Not many people had enough money to support th eir family, which meant that they would not have as many luxuries like cloths, food or even a house.  The 20th century [|homes] normally had 2 rooms down stairs the front room and the back room and the front room was the more elegant room where the more valuable items were kept and the back room was where they spent more of their time and was where the kitchen was. Around the 1920’s and 1930’s people that were not rich started to use electric light, before that time only wealthy people used electric light and ordinary people used gas light. Other luxuries were vacuum, washing machine, and fridges were owned by wealthy people but not until a little before the 1960’s did they become popular. In the 1950’s not many houses had indoor lavatories b ut they had the bathroom outside. Not until late 1950’s to the 1960’s the bathrooms were improved.That is what the houses were like in the 20th century and they are very different compared to the houses today. <span style="color: rgb(34, 112, 216)"> <span style="color: rgb(34, 112, 216)"> In the 20th century there was [|advancement in technology] which, allowed mankind to destroy ourselves and<span style="color: rgb(34, 112, 216)"> others. World War 2 alone killed over 60 million people and the cultures from music to communication to transportation all grew within the 20th century. <span style="color: rgb(34, 112, 216)"> Another major point in the 20th century was the phonographs which allowed people to communicate with others and the economy went up because of this new technology. That just goes to show you how much a change in technology can do.<span style="color: rgb(34, 112, 216)"> <span style="color: rgb(34, 112, 216)"> <span style="color: rgb(34, 112, 216)"> <span style="color: rgb(34, 112, 216)"> <span style="color: rgb(34, 112, 216)"> Overall the 20th century changed how we live today. Everything that has happened in the past influenced what has happened now. For instance, if the phone was not invented, then so many things in the world would be different, like the communication between others would not be lessened. All in all those are just some of the main ideas of the 20th century.<span style="color: rgb(34, 112, 216)"> <span style="color: rgb(34, 112, 216)">

**__Significant Events of the 20th Century__**
//1900 - 1999//

<span style="color: rgb(0, 34, 255)"><span style="color: rgb(5, 5, 5)">In the first three years of the 20th century, lots of interesting things were going on around the world. First, in 1901, [|Queen Victoria of Europe] died. Also in 1901, [|President Mckinley] was shot. Another important event was that obesity, for the first time, was observed to have a corralation with heart disease. Population also had a large increase in those years. London had 6.6 million people, New York had 3.44 million, and Paris had 2.7 million. 1902 and 1903 had interesting events as well. One was that the "Great Insurrection" was ended by Thoedore Roosevelt. The second was a large strike running through Italian railway workers demanding the recognition of their union.There was also a lot of child labor that went uninterfered by the government in those years. The twentieth century was a great time for new things and changes. One of the biggest events in this time period was the [|Space Race]. The Space Race was a race between the Soviet Union and the United States to see who could advance in space exploration the fastest. The Soviet Union got the head start when they launched the first satellite into space, called [|Sputnik], in 1957. They then took another huge leap forward, sending the first humans into outer space in 1961. Despite their disadvantage, the United States won the Space Race in 1986. NASA sent [|Apollo 11], with astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin, to the moon. It landed safely, and men were on the moon for the first time ever. <span style="color: rgb(0, 34, 255)"> There were many new [|inventions] created in the twentieth century as well. One of these was the [|invention of the airplane]. It flew for the first time in 1903 for less than a minute. In less than thirty years, in World War 2, aviation technology was so great planes could fly for hours, land on boats, and carry bombs across oceans. After the airplane came the [|computer], invented in 1936. This was a major event considering how much we use and depend on computers today. So you can really tell how important these recent events have been in the world and can only imagine what the world would be like if they had not happened.



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